Anthony Biglan, Ph.D.

1969-1972
Research Associate and Instructor, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

1971-1976
Postdoctoral Clinical Trainee, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

1972-1973
Postdoctoral Clinical Intern, Psychiatry Department, University of Wisconsin.

1973-1974
Visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

1974-1978
Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

1990-1991
Chairman of the Board of Directors, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.

1979-1998
Research Scientist, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.

1998-present
Senior Scientist, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.

1996-present
Director, Center for Community Interventions on Childrearing, Oregon Research Institute.

Reducing Teacher Stress and Building a More Effective School Culture
NICHD, 2009-2014
Principal Investigator
Experimentally evaluate an acceptance-focused intervention to reduce teacher stress and increase collegiality among school staff. We will randomly assign 48 Oregon middle schools to receive or not receive the acceptance-oriented intervention. We will evaluate its impact on: (a) teachers’ experiential avoidance; (b) teachers’ wellbeing and schools’ collegiality; (c) implementation of positive behavior support practices; and (d) the level of victimization among students.

Positive Behavior Support and the Prevention of Adolescent Problems
NIH/NIDA, 2006-2011
Co-Investigator
To experimentally evaluate the benefits of school-wide Positive Behavior Support (PBS) for reducing the level of in-school problem behavior, improving academic achievement, preventing the development of deviant peer groups, and reducing the prevalence of substance use and anti-social behavior in non-school settings. The differential impact of PBS intervention fidelity on these outcomes will be assessed.

Center for Prevention of Problems in Adolescence
NIDA, 2005-2010
Principal Investigator
A core support center to integrate and support research projects spanning the range of research problems needed to improve prevention for early adolescence, including family, school, peer, neighborhood and community influences on substance use, antisocial behavior, depression, and high risk sexual behavior.

Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol: A Randomized Trial
NIAAA (PIRE), 2004-2009
Co-Investigator
This study will investigate the effects of changes in alcohol availability at the local level on consumption by young people. The processes through which changes in alcohol availability affect drinking will be empirically assessed.

Selected Publications

In Press

Biglan, A. (In press). Challenges to the further success of prevention science. Prevention Science.

Biglan, A. (In press). The role of advocacy organizations in reducing negative externalities. Journal of Behavioral Management. Invited article for June 2009 Special issue.

Biglan, A., Hinds. E., & Cody, C. (In press). Building healthy communities to promote successful development. In: H. Walker (Eds.), Interventions for achievement and behavior in a three-tier model including RTI. Invited chapter.

2009

Biglan, A. (2009). Increasing psychological flexibility to influence cultural evolution. Behavioral and Social Issues, 18. Online edition: http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/bsi/article/viewFile/2280/2184.

Full Text Biglan, A. & Hinds, E.(2009). Evolving Prosocial and Sustainable Neighborhoods and Communities, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5 169-196.

Embry, D.D., Hankins, M., Biglan, A., & Boles, S. (2009). Behavioral and social correlates of methamphetamine use in a population-based sample of early and later adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 343-351.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: progress and possibilities. Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions. M.E. O'Connell, T. Boat, & K. E. Warner, Editors. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Contributing author.

Pizacani, B.A., Dent, C.W., Maher, J.E., Rohde, K., Stark, M.J., Biglan, A., & Thompson, J. (2009). Smoking patterns in Oregon youth: The effect of defunding of a comprehensive state tobacco control program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 229-236 .

2008

Full Text Embry, D.D. & Biglan, A. (2008). Evidence-based kernels: Fundamental units of behavioral influence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology. 11(3): 75–113.

Biglan, A. & Ogden, T. (2008). The evolution of evidence-based practices. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 9, 81-95.

Full Text Biglan, A., Hayes, S.C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention Science, 9(3), 139-152.

Gordon, J., Biglan, A., & Smolkowski, K. (2008). The impact on tobacco use of branded youth anti-tobacco activities and family communications about tobacco. Prevention Science, 9(2), 73-87.

National Cancer Institute (2008). The role of mass media in influencing smoking behavior (NCI Monograph 19). Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. (Contributing author).

2007

Full Text Paschall, M.J., Grube, J.W., Black, C., Flewelling, R.L., Ringwalt, C.L., Biglan, A. (2007). Alcohol outlet characteristics and alcohol sales to youth: Results of alcohol purchase surveys in 45 Oregon communities. Prevention Science, 8(2), 153-159.

Forrester, K., Biglan, A., Severson, H. H., & Smolkowski, K. (2007). Predictors of smoking onset over two years. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(12), 1259-1267.

Metzler, C.W., Biglan, A., Embry, D.D., Sprague, J.R., Boles, S.M., & Kavanagh, K.A. (2007). Improving the well-being of adolescents in Oregon. Eugene, OR: Center on Early Adolescence, Oregon Research Institute.

Severson, H. H., Forrester, K., & Biglan, A. (2007). Use of smokeless tobacco by adolescents is a risk factor for cigarette smoking two years later. Nicotine & Tobacco Researc,9(12), 1331-1337.

2006

Biglan, A., Sprague, J., & Moore, K.J. (2006). A functional contextualist framework for affecting peer influence practices. In K.A. Dodge & T.J. Dishion (Eds.) Deviant social contagion (Chap. 19). New York: Guilford Press.

Boles, S., Biglan, A., & Smolkowski, K. (2006). Relationships among negative and positive behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 29(1), 33-52.

National Cancer Institute (2006). The role of mass media in influencing smoking behavior (NCI Monograph 18). Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. (Co-author)

Smolkowski, K., Biglan, A., Dent, C., & Seeley, J. (2006). The multilevel structure of four adolescent problems. Prevention Science, 7, 239-256.

2005

Biglan, A. (2005). Rule-governed behavior. In: Hersen, M., Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of behavior modification & cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 1483-1487). Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE.

Dent, C., Grube, J., & Biglan, A. (2005). Community level alcohol availability and enforcement of possession laws as predictors of youth drinking. Preventive Medicine, 40, 355-362.

Flay, B.R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R.F., Castro, F.G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., Koscicki, E.K., Schinke, S., Valentine, J.C., & Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6(3), 151-175.

Gunn, B., Smolkowski, K., Biglan, A., Black, C., & Blair, J. (2005). Fostering the development of reading skill through supplemental instruction: Results for Hispanic and non-Hispanic students. The Journal of Special Education, 39(2), 66-85.

Rusby, J.C., Forrester, K.K., Biglan, A., & Metzler, C.W. (2005). Relationships between peer harassment and adolescent problem behaviors. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(4), 453-477.

Smolkowski, K., Biglan, A., Barrera, M., Taylor, T., Black, C., & Blair, J. (2005). Schools and homes in partnership (SHIP): Long-term effects of a preventive intervention focused on social behavior and reading skill in early elementary school. Prevention Science, 6(2), 113-125.

2004

Biglan, A. (2004). Contextualism and the development of effective prevention practices. Prevention Science, 5(1), 15-21.

Biglan, A., Brennan, P.A., Foster, S.L., Holder, H.D., Miller, T.L., Cunningham, P.B. et al. (2004). Helping adolescents at risk: Prevention of multiple problem behaviors. New York:Guilford.

Dent, C. & Biglan, A. (2004). Relation between access to tobacco and adolescent smoking. Tobacco Control, 13(4), 334-338.

Mrazek, P., Biglan, A., & Hawkins, J.D. (2004). Community-monitoring systems: Tracking and improving the well-being of America 's children and adolescents. Falls Church , VA : Society for Prevention Research. Accessed electronically at http://www.preventionresearch.org .

Sussman, S., Earleywine, M., Wills, T.A., Cody, C., Biglan, A., & Dent, C.W. (2004). What are the implications of a motivation-skills-decision making approach on drug abuse prevention? Is this a transdisciplinary fusion approach? ( Ch. 13) In: Sussman, S., Stacy, A.W., & Johnson , C.A. (Eds.): Transdisciplinary drug abuse prevention research: A special issue of Substance Use & Misuse, 39 (10-12), 1971-2016.

2003

Biglan, A. (2003). Selection by consequences: One unifying principle for a transdisciplinary science of prevention. Prevention Science, 4 (4), 213-232.

Biglan, A., Mrazek, P., Carnine, D.W., & Flay, B.R. (2003). The integration of research and practice in the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58 (6-7), 433-440.

Biglan, A. & Cody, C. (2003). Preventing multiple problem behaviors in adolescence. In Romer, D. (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Toward an integrated approach (pp. 125-131). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.

Biglan, A., Wang, M.C. & Walberg, H.J. (Eds). (2003). Preventing youth problems. New York:Plenum.

2002

Barrera, M. Jr., Biglan, A., Taylor, T.K., Gunn, B.K., Smolkowski, K., Black, C., Ary, D.V., & Fowler, R.C. (2002). Early elementary school intervention to reduce conduct problems: A randomized trial with Hispanic and non-Hispanic children. Prevention Science, 3(2), 83-94.

Biglan, A. & James, L. (2002). Making effective use of prevention science. In L. S. Jason & D. Glenwick: Innovative strategies for promoting health and mental health across the life span. (pp. 17-35). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Biglan, A. and Smolkowski, K. (2002). The role of the community psychologist in the 21st century. Prevention & Treatment, 5, article 2.

Biglan, A. &. Smolkowski, K. (2002). Intervention effects on adolescent drug use and critical influences on the development of problem behavior. In D. B. Kandel (Ed.), Stages and Pathways of drug involvement: Examining the gateway hypothesis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gunn, B., Smolkowski, K., Biglan, A., & Black, C. (2002). Supplemental instruction in decoding skills for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students in early elementary school: A follow-up. The Journal of Special Education, 36(2), 69-79.

Sheeber, L., Biglan, A., Metzler, C.M., & Taylor, TK. (2002). Promoting effective parenting practices. In L.S. Jason & D. Glenwick: Innovative strategies for promoting health and mental health across the life span. (pp. 63-84). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

2001

Barrera, Jr., M., Biglan, A., Ary, D., & Li, F. (2001). Replication of a problem behavior model with American Indian, Hispanic, and Caucasian youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(2), 133-57.

Metzler, C.W., Biglan, A., Rusby, J.C, & Sprague, J. (2001). Evaluation of a comprehensive behavior management program to improve school-wide positive behavior support. Education and Treatment of Children, 24(4), 448-79.

2000

Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., Smolkowski, K., Duncan, T.E., & Black, C., (2000). A randomized control trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 9, 24-12.

Biglan, A. & Taylor T. (2000). Why have we been more successful in reducing tobacco use than violent crime? American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 269-302.

Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2000) The value of interrupted time-series experiments for community intervention research. Prevention Science, 1(1), 31-49.

Biglan, A. & Taylor, T. (2000). Increasing the use of science to improve child-rearing. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21(2), 207-226.

Gunn, B. K., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., & Ary, D. V. (2000). The efficacy of supplemental instruction in decoding skills for Hispanic and non-Hispanic students in early elementary school. Journal of Special Education, 34(2), 90.

Metzler, C.W., Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., & Noell, J. (2000). A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to reduce high-risk sexual behavior among adolescents in STD clinics. Behavior Therapy, 31, 27-54.

1999

Ary, D.V., Duncan, T.E., Biglan, A., Metzler, C.W., Noell, J.W., & Smolkowski, K. (1999). Development of adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 141-150.

Ary, D. V., James, L., & Biglan, A. (1999). Parent-daughter discussions to discourage tobacco use: Feasibility and content. Adolescence, 34(134), 275-282.

Barrera Jr., M., Felipe G. Castro, F. G., & Biglan, A.. (1999). Ethnicity, substance use, and development: Exemplars for exploring group differences and similarities. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 805-822.

Irvine, A.B., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., Metzler, C.W., & Ary, D.V. (1999). The effectiveness of a parenting skills program for parents of middle school students in small communities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67 (6), 811-825.

Irvine, A.B., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., & Ary, D.V. (1999). The value of the Parenting Scale for measuring the discipline practices of parents of middle school children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(2), 127-142.

Metzler, C.W., Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., & Li, F. (1998). The stability and validity of early adolescents' reports of parenting practices constructs. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 1-21.

1998

Biglan, A., & Metzler, C.W. (1998). A public health perspective for research on family-focused interventions In: Drug abuse prevention through family interventions. Ashery, R.S., Robertson, E.B., and Kumpfer, K.L. (eds.). NIDA Research Monograph 177 (pp. 430 458). NIH Publication NO. 99-4135. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Duncan, S.C., Duncan, T.E., Biglan, A., & Ary, D.V. (1998). Contributions of the social context to developmental changes in adolescent problem behavior: A latent growth modeling analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50(1), 57-71.

Jason, J. A., Biglan, A., & Katz. R. (1998). Implications of the tobacco settlement for the prevention of teenage smoking. Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice. 1(2), 63-82.

Metzler, C. W., Taylor, T. K., Gunn, B., Fowler, R. C., Biglan, A. & Ary, D. V. (1998). A comprehensive approach to the prevention of behavior problems: Integrating family- and community-based approaches to strengthen behavior management programs in schools.. Effective School Practices, 17(2), 8-24.

Taylor, T. & Biglan, A. (1998). Behavioral family interventions for improving childrearing: A review of the literature for clinicians and policy makers. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(1), 41-60.

1997

Biglan, A., Metzler, C.W., Fowler, R.C., Gunn, B.K., Taylor, T., & Rusby, J.C. (1997). Improving childrearing in America's communities. In: Cultural contingencies: Behavior analytic perspectives on cultural practices, edited by Lamal, P.A.Westport, CT:Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

Biglan, A., Duncan, T., Irvine, B., Ary, D., Smolkowski, K. & James, L. (1997). A drug abuse prevention strategy for rural America. In (Eds.) E. B. Robertson, Z. Sloboda, G.M. Boyd, & N.J. Kozel (Eds.): Rural substance abuse: State of knowledge and issues. NIDA Research Monograph 168. (pp. 364-397). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

1996

Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., Koehn, V., Levings, D., Smith, S., Wright, Z., James, L., & Henderson, J. (1996.) Mobilizing positive reinforcement in communities to reduce youth access to tobacco. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(5), 625-638.

Biglan, A. (1996). Sexual coercion. In: Finding solutions to social problems. Behavioral strategies for change, edited by Mattaini, M.A. and Thyer, B.A.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association, 289-316.

Biglan, A., Ary, D.V., Yudelson, H., Duncan, T.E., Hood, D., James, L., Koehn, V., Wright, Z., Black, C., Levings, D., Smith, S., & Gaiser, E. (1996). Experimental evaluation of a modular approach to mobilizing anti-tobacco influences of peers and parents. American Journal of Community Psychology 24(3), 311-339.

Biglan, A., & Hayes, S. C. (1996). Should the behavioral sciences become more pragmatic? The case for functional contextualism in research on human behavior. Applied and Preventive Psychology 5, 47-57.

Irvine, A. B., Biglan, A., Duncan, T., & Metzler, C. W. (1996). Benefits and barriers for volunteer leaders of a parent training program. Family Community Health 18(4), 20-32.

1995

Biglan, A. (1995). Choosing a paradigm to guide prevention research and practice. Published simultaneously in Drugs and Society, 8(3-4), 149-160, and in C. G. Leukefeld & R. R. Clayton (Eds.), Prevention Practice in Substance Abuse, NY: The Haworth Press.

Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualist framework for intervention research. Reno, NV: Context Press.

Biglan, A. (1995). Translating what we know about the context for anti-social behavior into a lower prevalence of such behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 28(4), 479-492.

Biglan, A., Duncan, T. E., Ary, D. V., & Smolkowski, K. (1995). Peer and parental influences on adolescent tobacco use. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(4), 315-330.

Biglan, A., Henderson, J., Humphreys, D., Yasui, M., Whisman, R., Black, C., & James, L. (1995). Mobilising positive reinforcement to reduce youth access to tobacco. Tobacco Control, 4, 42-48.

Biglan, A., Noell, J., Ochs, L., Smolkowski, K., & Metzler, C. W. (1995). Does sexual coercion play a role in the high-risk sexual behavior of adolescent and young adult women? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(6), 549-568.

1994

Wulfert, E., & Biglan, A. (1994). A contextual approach to research on AIDS prevention. The Behavior Analyst, 17(2), 353-363.

Biglan, A., Metzler, C. W., & Ary, D. V. (1994). Increasing the prevalence of successful children: The case for community intervention research. The Behavior Analyst, 17, 335-331.

Murray, D. M., Rooney, B. L., Hannan, P. J., Peterson, A. V., Ary, D., Biglan, A., Botvin, G. J., Evans, R. I., Flay, B. R., Getz, J. G., Marek, P. M., Orlandi, M., Pentz, M. A., Perry, C. L., & Schinke, S. P. (1994). Interclass correlation among common measures of adolescent smoking: Estimates, correlates and applications in smoking prevention studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 1038-1050.

Metzler, C. W., Noell, J., Biglan, A., Ary, D., & Smolkowski, K. (1994). The social context for risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(4), 419-438.

Noell, J., Biglan, A., Hood, D., & Britz, B. (1994). An interactive videodisc-based smoking cessation program: Prototype development and pilot test. Computers in Human Behavior, 10(3), 347-358.

1993

Noell, J., Biglan, A., Berendt, J., Ochs, L., Metzler, C. W., Ary, D., & Smolkowski, K. (1993). Problematic sexual situations for adolescents. Health Values, 17, 40-49.

Biglan, A. (1993, January). Recapturing Skinner's legacy to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapist, 3-5.

Biglan, A. (1993). A Functional Contextualist Framework for Community Interventions. In S. C. Hayes, L. J. Hayes, H. Reese, & T. Sarbin (Eds.), Varieties of Scientific Contextualism (pp. 251-276). Reno, NV: Context Press.

Hollis, J., Lichtenstein, E., Vogt, T., Stevens, V., & Biglan, A. (1993). Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 118, 521-525.

1992

Biglan, A. (1992). Family practices and the larger social context. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 21(1), 37-43.

Metzler, C. W., Noell, J., & Biglan, A. (1992). Validation of a construct of high-risk sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 233-249.

1991

Biglan, A. (1991). Distressed behavior and its context. Behavior Analyst, 14, 157-169.

Biglan, A., & Glasgow, R. E. (1991). The social unit: An important facet in the design of cancer control research. Preventive Medicine, 20, 292-305.

Severson, H., Glasgow, R., Wirt, R., Zoref, L., Black, C., Biglan, A., Ary, D., Ochs, L., Weissman, W., & Brozovsky, P. (1991). Preventing the use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes by teens: Results of a classroom intervention. Health Education Research, 6, 109-120.

Biglan, A., Hood, D., Brozovsky, P., Ochs, L., Ary, D., & Black, C. (1991). Subject attrition in prevention research. In W. Bukoski & K Leukefeld (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention research: Methodological issues. NIDA Research Monograph 107 (pp. 213-223). Rockville MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

1990

Biglan, A., Lewin, L., & Hops, H. (1990). A contextual approach to the problem of aversive practices in families. In G. Patterson (Ed.), Depression and aggression: Two facets of family interactions. New York: Erlbaum.

Hops, H., Sherman, L., & Biglan, A. (1990). Maternal depression, marital discord, and children's behavior: A developmental perspective. In G. Patterson (Ed.), Depression and aggression: Two facets of family interactions. New York: Erlbaum.

Ary, D. V., Biglan, A., Glasgow, R., Zoref, L., Black, C., Ochs, L., Severson, H., Kelly, R., Weissman, W., Lichtenstein, E., Brozovsky, P., Wirt, R., & James, L. E. (1990). The efficacy of social-influence programs versus "standard care": Are new initiatives needed? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 281-296.

Biglan, A., Glasgow, R. E., & Singer, G. (1990). The need for a science of larger social units: A contextual approach. Behavior Therapy, 21, 195-215.

Biglan, A., Wendler, C., Ary, D., Noell, J., Ochs, L., French, C., Hood, D., & Wirt, R. (1990). Social and behavioral factors associated with high-risk sexual behavior among adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 245-261.

Lichtenstein, E., Biglan, A., Glasgow, R. E., Severson, H., & Ary, D. (1990). The tobacco use research program at Oregon Research Institute. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 715-724.

1989

Biglan, A. (1989). A contextual approach to the clinical treatment of parental distress. In G. Singer & L. Irvin (Eds.), Support for caregiving families: Enabling positive adaptation to disability. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

Biglan, A., & James, L. E. (1989). Teoria y practica de la prevencion del habito de fumar: Sus implicancias en la prevencion del abuso de drogas [Theory and practice of smoking prevention: Its implications for drug abuse prevention]. CEDRO, Lima, Peru, 13-39.

Severson, H., & Biglan, A. (1989). Rationale for the use of passive consent in smoking prevention research: Politics, policy, and pragmatics. Preventive Medicine, 18, 267-279.

Vogt, T. M., Lichtenstein, E., Ary, D., Biglan, A., Danielson, R., Glasgow, R. E., Hollis, J. F., Hornbrook, M. C., Lando, H., Mullooly, J., Severson, H., & Stevens, V. (1989). Integrating tobacco intervention into a health maintenance organization: The TRACC program. Health Education Research, 4(1), 125-135.

1988

Ary, D. V., & Biglan, A. (1988). Longitudinal changes in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior: Onset and cessation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 11(4), 361-382.

Biglan, A. (1988). Behavior analysis and the larger context. Behavior Analysis, 23(1), 25-32.

Biglan, A., Hops, H., & Sherman, L. (1988). Coercive family processes and maternal depression. In R. DeV. Peters & R. J. McMahon (Eds.), Marriages and families: Behavioral-systems approaches (pp. 72-103). New York: Brunner-Mazel.

Biglan, A., James, L. E., LaChance, P. A., Zoref, L., & Joffe, J. (1988). Videotaped materials in a school-based smoking prevention program. Preventive Medicine, 17(5), 559-584.

1987

Biglan, A. (1987). A behavior-analytic critique of Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Behavior Analyst, 10(1), 1-15.

Biglan, A., Glasgow, R., Ary, D., Thompson, R., Severson, H., Lichtenstein, E., Weissman, W., Faller, C., & Gallison, C. (1987). How generalizable are the effects of smoking prevention programs? Refusal skills training and parent messages in a teacher-administered program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10(6), 613-628.

Biglan, A., Severson, H. H., Ary, D. V., Faller, C., Gallison, C., Thompson, R., Glasgow, R. E., & Lichtenstein, E. (1987). Do smoking prevention programs really work? Attrition and the internal and external validity of an evaluation of a refusal skills training program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10(2), 159-171.

Weissman, W., Glasgow, R., Biglan, A., & Lichtenstein, E. (1987). Development and evaluation of a cessation program for adolescent smokers. Bulletin of the Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 84-91.

1986

Biglan, A., Magis, K., DiRocco, A., & Silverblatt, A. (1986). First versus second portion of expired air and duration of breath holding in the sampling of expired air carbon monoxide. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 283-286.

Should the Behavioral Sciences Become More Pragmatic?
The Case for Functional Contextualism in Research on Human Behavior
Biglan, A., & Hayes, S. C.
(1996) Applied and Preventive Psychology 5, 47-57.

Although societal need for behavioral science research is enormous, current research practices seem to be inefficient vehicles for producing knowledge that guides practical action. Many of our most popular theories provide little direct guidance for application. They focus on the development of models of the relationships among organismic events such as attitudes, self-efficacy expectations, and behavior, but pay little or no attention to the contextual influences on behavior. Such research is in keeping with a long-standing mechanistic tradition in psychology. We propose a version of contextualism as an alternative paradigm for the behavioral sciences. According to this paradigm, theories and research are evaluated in terms of their contribution to the prediction and influence of behavior. Basic research organized to pursue this goal has a direct bearing on how behavioral phenomena can be changed for practical purposes. Conversely, applied research contributes to basic understanding of the determinants of psychological phenomena.

Translating What We Know About the Context for Anti-social
Behavior Into a Lower Prevalence of Such Behavior
Biglan, A.
(1995) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 28(4), 479-492.

Although we have identified many variables that affect antisocial behavior, there is no evidence that we have learned how to reduce the incidence of such behavior or the prevalence of young people who repeatedly engage in antisocial behavior. It is appropriate, therefore, for behavioral scientists to turn some of their energies to research on reducing the incidence and prevalence of antisocial behavior. Small communities may be a particularly useful social unit in which to conduct experimental research. The interventions to be tested would include advocacy and community organizing to influence communities to make validated school and clinical interventions widely available and to assist them in increasing other forms of supervision of young people and social and material support of families. Key components of advocacy and community organizing are suggested and possibilities for research are sketched.

Does Sexual Coercion Play a Role in the High-risk Sexual Behavior of Young Women?
Biglan, A., Noell, J., Ochs, L., Smolkowski, K., & Metzler, C. W.
(1995) Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 18(6), 549-568.

Sexual coercion and its relationship to high-risk sexual behavior were examined in five samples of young women. Sample 1 (N = 22) consisted of sexually active adolescents aged 15 to 19. Samples 2 (N = 206) and 3 (N = 70) were recruited from among patients at three sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sample 4 (N = 51) consisted of young homeless women living on the street in a large city. Sample 5 (N = 51) was recruited from among young women on a college campus. Across all samples, 44.4% of women indicated that they had been forced into some form of sexual activity against their will. Self-reports of sexually coercive experiences were consistently related to risky sexual behavior. It appears that many young women are coerced into engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. This implies the need for greater attention to male coercive sexual behavior and women's skills for coping with such behavior.

Choosing a Paradigm to Guide Prevention Research and Practice
Biglan, A.
(1995). Published simultaneously in Drugs and Society, 8(3-4), 149-160, and in C. G. Leukefeld & R. R. Clayton (Eds.), Prevention Practice inSubstance Abuse, NY: The Haworth Press.

This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the three main paradigms that guide prevention research: organicism, mechanism, and contextualism. Organicism has prompted us to identify typical developmental sequences and to organize our prevention efforts to reduce the risk factors that contribute to problematic development. Mechanism has encouraged us to search for generalizable models of the interrelationships among behavioral variables and randomized control trials of prevention programs. Contextualism has given us a framework for working with the individual case. When contextualism is focused on the goal of prediction and influence of the phenomenon under study, it is particularly likely to identify interventions that can be used to prevent problems of concern to communities and other social units.

Changing Cultural Practices A Contextualist Framework for Intervention Research
Biglan, A.
(1995) Reno, NV: Context Press.

Despite significant progress in the behavioral sciences, we know little about how we can help people bring about desirable changes in cultural practices. Effective interventions have been developed for many problems of human behavior, but rarely has our knowledge been translated into changes in the incidence or prevalence of problems such as anti-social behavior or unhealthy behavior. Groups and organizations engage in practices that harm individuals, families, and the environment, yet there is little scientific understanding of how to bring about changes in these practices.

This book provides a framework for research on how to affect the incidence and prevalence of behavior and the practices of groups and organizations. The development of this line of research is pivotal to our translating knowledge about the behavior of individuals into widespread benefits to societies.

The book integrates scientific understanding of the behavior of individuals with theory and research on the evolution of cultural practices. It articulates a contextualist philosophical framework which could guide behavioral science research to solutions of our societies' most pressing problems. It provides an ethical framework for research on cultural practices that would protect the rights of individuals and diverse groups.

This framework for cultural change research is applied to four critically important cultural practices: (a) tobacco use, (b) childrearing, (c) sexism, and (d) environmental preservation.

The book is relevant for anyone who is concerned with translating what we know about individual behavior into widespread benefits for populations. It should be of interest to students of community, health, or clinical psychology, and to students of women's studies, sociology, anthropology, and economics. It should be read by anyone who is concerned with how science could better contribute to changing the cultural practices that cause the most difficulty for our societies.

Changing Cultural Practices can be purchased from Context Press, 933 Gear St., Reno, NV 89503, $47.95, plus $3.00 shipping & handling. Nevada residents add 7% sales tax. Fax 702-746-2013.

Increasing the Prevalence of Successful Children: The Case for Community Intervention Research
Biglan, A., Metzler, C. W., & Ary, D. V.
(1994) The Behavior Analyst, 17, 335-331.

This paper makes a case for research on community interventions on childrearing. Sufficient evidence has accumulated about the development of child problem behavior to justify evaluating efforts to reduce the prevalence of these problems in whole communities. The contextual risk factors for diverse child behavior problems are well understood, and interventions to ameliorate individual risk factors have been developed and evaluated. Since interventions with individual children have proven efficacious, it is now appropriate to direct energy toward reducing the prevalence of children with behavior problems. At the same time, existing interventions have limitations. Community interventions may be needed to modify the larger social context for families. This paper enumerates possible components of a community intervention to improve childrearing outcomes. Existing evidence indicates that communities would benefit from making parent training and family support programs available to parents. Validated methods of identifying and remediating academic and behavioral problems in schools are available, but influencing schools to adopt them remains a problem. Community organizing could mobilize communities to allocate the resources necessary to support such parenting and schooling programs and to encourage their adoption. Media campaigns could foster community support and could directly influence parenting practices. Efforts to modify peer influences to use substances have received empirical support; similar efforts may be relevant to preventing other problems. The development of a science of community interventions on childrearing is hampered by over-reliance on randomized control trials. For this reason, two examples of time-series experimental evaluations of community intervention components are described here.

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