Continuing this longitudinal study, investigators are assessing participants at ages 22 and 24, including a clinical diagnostic interview of depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Following this emerging adult sample provides unique data on the persistence of intervention effects on mental health during the transition to adulthood in the context of a pandemic.

The Early Steps Multisite (ESM) sample was recruited at Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) centers in three geographically, socioeconomically, and racially/ethnically diverse communities: Eugene, OR; Pittsburgh, PA; and Charlottesville, VA. Participating families were randomly assigned to receive the Family Check-Up (FCU)* intervention annually from child age 2 to 10.5, or to participate in study assessments without intervention. Assessments continued at child ages 14, 16, and 19, including two pandemic-related surveys focused on mental health, and participant genotyping.

Collaborators include researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Virginia, and Arizona State University.